Independent AI research

The AI decisions in front of European boards: models, cost, law and security.

Notaries and auditors send their mail through US firms All 713 notary firms, 233 audit firms and the 50 largest law firms: nine in ten send their mail through a US company. October 2026 · 9 min read

Dutch heavy industry runs its mail on Microsoft All 145 manufacturers in the Dutch emissions trading list: four in five run mail on Microsoft 365, and none has a domain record with Mistral. October 2026 · 9 min read

Dutch grid control rooms run on US software TenneT and Liander control their grids with software from a US-owned supplier. Tenders, registers and DNS of 129 grid, water and energy firms. October 2026 · 10 min read

Dutch finance runs on Microsoft All 390 DNB-licensed institutions: half of the pension funds have their mail signed in five shared Microsoft environments. October 2026 · 10 min read

Who owns Europe's radiology AI All 410 CE-marked products in the Health AI Register: US buyers took over 19 European radiology AI products since 2023. October 2026 · 10 min read

Dutch government algorithms and US tech All 1,574 entries in the Dutch algorithm register: 80 of 124 generative AI entries rely on a US supplier or a US cloud. October 2026 · 11 min read

EU AI Act for financial services Which bank and insurer AI is high-risk after the Omnibus, when duties apply, who supervises, and what banking law already covers. September 2026 · 9 min read

EU AI Act in healthcare: what applies and when Which healthcare AI the AI Act makes high-risk, when duties start, and how ready hospitals and device makers are. September 2026 · 9 min read

AI Act for the public sector: what applies and when What public bodies owe under the AI Act after the Omnibus, and eight European cases that set the bar. September 2026 · 9 min read

AI for law firms in Europe: 2026 data and rules How many European law and accounting firms use AI, what bars in five jurisdictions require, and where client data can run. September 2026 · 9 min read

AI Act critical infrastructure: which AI is high-risk Which AI at grid, water, telecom and road operators is high-risk, the critical entity test, and duties from December 2027. September 2026 · 10 min read

AI in manufacturing in Europe: 2026 data and rules Eurostat data on factory AI by country and technology, and nine EU rule dates from 2025 to 2028. September 2026 · 9 min read

Where Should Your AI Run? The 2026 European Briefing Capability, licences, cost, regulation and security: what a board must know before deciding where AI runs. September 2026 · 14 min read

EU GPU Price Index, October 2026 H100, H200, B200 and B300 prices per hour at European and US providers, with ownership, jurisdiction and the change since September. October 2026 · 8 min read

Self-hosting or API: where is the break-even point? The monthly volume at which owned GPUs become cheaper than an API, every assumption visible. September 2026 · 8 min read

Self-hosted LLMs for European enterprises: the 2026 guide Running a large language model in-house: options, models, hardware, cost, security and regulation. September 2026 · 17 min read

EU AI Act timeline: all dates after the Omnibus Every AI Act application date as amended by the Digital Omnibus, with who it binds and a dated changelog. September 2026 · 9 min read

LLM inference cost explained: API versus own GPUs What an API bill and an own-GPU bill contain, with a worked break-even example in euro. September 2026 · 10 min read

What hardware do you need to run an open-weight LLM? GPU memory, GPU choice and server sizing per model size class, from one card to an eight-GPU server. September 2026 · 10 min read

On-premise vs private cloud AI in Europe How regulated organisations choose between on-premise, colocation and EU-owned or US private cloud for AI. September 2026 · 11 min read

EU sovereign cloud providers compared (2026) Owner, jurisdiction, SecNumCloud and C5 status and H100 prices for eight EU-owned clouds, and why US sovereign regions stay under the CLOUD Act. October 2026 · 10 min read

The US CLOUD Act and your AI data What the CLOUD Act reaches, how it clashes with GDPR, and which hosting options keep prompts, embeddings and logs out of reach. October 2026 · 10 min read

Schrems II and AI: what it means for model hosting Schrems II to 2026 in dated steps, when an AI API call is a transfer to the US, and a nine-step hosting checklist. October 2026 · 10 min read

Buy or rent: three-year cost of owning GPU servers Purchase, power, cooling and staff against European cloud rental. Forthcoming · October 2026

Which open models may your company use? Every major open-weight licence read line by line for enterprise use. Forthcoming · October 2026

AI Act, CLOUD Act, DORA: what running AI in-house changes What self-hosting solves in regulatory terms, and what it does not. Forthcoming · November 2026